GRAMMAR · HSK 1–9

Grammar Reference

Every HSK grammar point in one place — filter by level, browse by category, see it used in real sentences.

547 grammar points · page 2/28

HSK 1 Word class · particle ⚠ EN trap Lesson

动态助词：了

⚠ English trap English “-ed” is about PAST TIME; 了 is about completion and “what this means now”. 昨天我没吃饭 has no 了 — past without it; 明天吃了饭再去 has it — future with it.

Ask “is the event completed / does its result matter now?”, not “is it past?”.

Aspect particle · 动态助词 (dòngtàizhùcí)(了 (le))

动态助词：了

  • 他买了一本书。/他没买书。 Tā mǎi le yì běn shū. / tā méi mǎi shū. He bought a book. / He didn't buy a book.
  • 我写了两个汉字。/我没写汉字。 Wǒ xiě le liǎng gè hànzì. / wǒ méi xiě hànzì. I wrote two characters. / I didn't write characters.
  • 今天我们学了十个汉字。 Jīntiān wǒmen xué le shí gè hànzì. Today we learned ten Chinese characters.
  • 我买了一些苹果。 Wǒ mǎi le yìxiē píngguǒ. I bought some apples.
HSK 1 Word class · particle ⚠ EN trap Lesson

语气助词：吧、了、吗、呢

⚠ English trap The 了 in 该走了 / 太好了 marks a CHANGE OF STATE (“now it’s different”) — English has no particle like this, so learners either skip it or paste -ed onto it.

Hear 了 at the end of a sentence as “and now that’s changed”, not as tense.

Modal particle · 语气助词 (yǔqìzhùcí)(吧 (bā)/了 (le)/吗/呢)

语气助词：吧/了/吗/呢

  • 我们走吧。 Wǒmen zǒu ba. Let's go.
  • 我累了。 Wǒ lèi le. I'm tired.
  • 我们走吧。 Wǒmen zǒu ba. Let's go.
  • 八点了，起床吧。 Bā diǎn le, qǐchuáng ba. It's eight o'clock — time to get up.
HSK 1 Phrase · structure type Lesson

数量短语

Quantity phrase

  • 一杯、两个 Yì bēi, liǎng gè one cup, two (of them)

其他结构类型

HSK 1 Sentence element · subject Lesson

名词、代词或名词性短语作主语

... as subject · 名词 (míngcí)、代词或名词性短语作主语

  • 衣服很好看。 Yìfu hěn hǎokàn. The clothes are very pretty.
  • 他在看电视。 Tā zài kàn diànshì. He is watching TV.
  • 电影很好看。 Diànyǐng hěn hǎokàn. The movie is very good.
  • 她是老师。 Tā shì lǎoshī. She is a teacher.
HSK 1 Sentence element · predicate Lesson

动词或动词性短语、形容词或形容词性短语作谓语

... as predicate

  • 他病了。 Tā bìng le. He is sick.
  • 我们学中文。 Wǒmen xué zhōngwén. We study Chinese.
  • 老师来了。 Lǎoshī lái le. The teacher has come.
  • 哥哥去学校了。 Gēge qù xuéxiào le. Older brother has gone to school.
HSK 1 Sentence element · object Lesson

名词、代词或名词性短语作宾语

... as object · 名词 (míngcí)、代词或名词性短语作宾语

  • 他吃面包。 Tā chī miànbāo. He eats bread.
  • 妈妈来看我了。 Māma lái kàn wǒ le. Mom came to see me.
  • 我喝茶。 Wǒ hēchá. I drink tea.
  • 明天我去找你。 Míngtiān wǒqù zhǎo nǐ. I'll come see you tomorrow.
HSK 1 Sentence element · attributive Lesson

名词性词语、形容词性词语、数量短语作定语

... as attributive

  • 他在看中文书。 Tā zài kànzhòng wénshū. He is reading a Chinese book.
  • 新书包很好看。 Xīn shūbāo hěn hǎokàn. The new schoolbag is very pretty.
  • 她不会唱中文歌。 Tā bùhuì chàng zhōngwén gē. She can't sing Chinese songs.
  • 我的中文老师是中国人。 Wǒ de zhōngwén lǎoshī shì zhōngguó rén. My Chinese teacher is Chinese.
HSK 1 Sentence element · adverbial Lesson

副词、形容词作状语；表示时间、处所的词语作状语

... as adverbial · 副词 (fùcí)、形容词作状语；表示时间、处所的词语作状语

  • 他不吃包子。 Tā bù chī bāozi. He doesn't eat baozi.
  • 这个房间非常干净。 Zhège fángjiān fēicháng gānjìng. This room is very clean.
HSK 1 Sentence type · sentence pattern Lesson

主谓句1：动词谓语句

Subject–predicate sentence · 主谓句 (zhǔwèijù)1(动词谓语句)

主谓句1：动词谓语句

  • 我买一个面包。 Wǒ mǎi yìge miànbāo. I'll buy a loaf of bread.
  • 他不去医院。 Tā bú qù yíyuàn. He isn't going to the hospital.
  • 我买了一个面包。 Wǒ mǎi le yìge miànbāo. I bought a loaf of bread.
  • 他今天不休息。 Tā jīntiān bù xiūxi. He isn't taking a break today.

单句

HSK 1 Sentence type · sentence pattern Lesson

主谓句2：形容词谓语句

Subject–predicate sentence · 主谓句 (zhǔwèijù)2(形容词谓语句)

主谓句2：形容词谓语句

  • 房间很干净。 Fángjiān hěn gānjìng. The room is very clean.
  • 这个学生最认真。 Zhège xuésheng zuì rènzhēn. This student is the most conscientious.
  • 今天天气很热。 Jīntiān tiānqì hěn rè. The weather is very hot today.
  • 你女儿真漂亮！ Nǐ nǚér zhēn piàoliang! Your daughter is so pretty!

单句

HSK 1 Sentence type · sentence pattern Lesson

非主谓句

Subjectless sentence

  • 下雨了。 Xiàyǔ le. It's raining.
  • 车！ Chē! Car!
  • 对不起！ Duìbuqǐ! I'm sorry!
  • 下雨了。 Xiàyǔ le. It's raining.

单句

HSK 1 Sentence type · sentence class Lesson

陈述句

Declarative sentence · 陈述句 (chénshùjù)

  • 妈妈做晚饭。 Māma zuò wǎnfàn. Mom is making dinner.
  • 我不喜欢看电视。 Wǒ bù xǐhuan kàn diànshì. I don't like watching TV.
  • 她是我的朋友。 Tā shì wǒ de péngyou. She is my friend.
  • 我不想吃面条儿。 Wǒ bùxiǎng chī miàntiáor. I don't want to eat noodles.
HSK 1 Sentence type · sentence class ⚠ EN trap Lesson

疑问句

⚠ English trap English moves question words to the front (“What do you eat?”). Chinese keeps them in place: 你吃什么？ — “你吃什么吗” learners add 吗 unnecessarily.

Wh-word stays where the answer would sit. No fronting, no do-support.

Interrogative sentence · 疑问句 (yíwènjù)

  • 他是老师吗？ Tā shì lǎoshī ma? Is he a teacher?
  • 那儿现在热吗？ Nàr xiànzài rè ma? Is it hot there now?
  • 他是中国人吗？ Tā shì zhōngguó rén ma? Is he Chinese?
HSK 1 Sentence type · sentence class Lesson

祈使句

Imperative sentence · 祈使句 (qíshǐjù)

  • 请进！ Qǐngjìn! Come in, please!
  • 别说了！ Biéshuō le! Stop talking!
  • 您请坐。 Nín qǐngzuò. Please have a seat. (polite)
  • 走吧！ Zǒu ba! Let's go!
HSK 1 Sentence type · sentence class Lesson

感叹句

Exclamatory sentence · 感叹句 (gǎntànjù)

  • 今天太热了！ Jīntiān tài rè le! It's far too hot today!
  • 这水果真好吃！ Zhè shuǐguǒ zhēn hǎochī! This fruit is delicious!
  • 今天真冷啊！ Jīntiān zhēn lěng a! It's really cold today!
  • 太贵了！ Tài guì le! Too expensive!
HSK 1 Sentence type · special pattern Lesson

“是”字句

Sentence type / special pattern · “是 (shì)”字句 (zìjù)

  • 他是我的老师。 Tā shì wǒ de lǎoshī. He is my teacher.
  • 这是他的书。 Zhè shì tā de shū. This is his book.
  • 我哥哥是大学生。 Wǒ gēge shì dàxuéshēng. My older brother is a university student.

“是”字句1

HSK 1 Sentence type · special pattern Lesson

“有”字句1

Sentence type / special pattern · “有 (yǒu)”字句 (zìjù)1

  • 我有很多书。 Wǒ yǒu hěn duō shū. I have many books.
  • 他没有哥哥。 Tā méiyǒu gēge. He doesn't have an older brother.
  • 我有哥哥，没有姐姐。 Wǒ yǒu gēge, méiyǒu jiějie. I have an older brother, not an older sister.
HSK 1 Sentence type · special pattern ⚠ EN trap Lesson

比较句1

⚠ English trap English comparatives change the adjective (taller). Chinese keeps the adjective bare after 比 — adding 很/是 to “help” produces errors.

比 sentences: bare adjective, add degree only with 得多/多了/得多.

Sentence type / special pattern

  • 我朋友比我高。 Wǒ péngyou bǐ wǒ gāo. My friend is taller than me.
  • 这个手机比那个贵。 Zhège shǒujī bǐ nàge guì. This phone is more expensive than that one.
HSK 1 Sentence type · compound sentence Lesson

并列复句

Coordinating compound

  • 我喜欢看电视，弟弟喜欢打球。 Wǒ xǐhuan kàn diànshì, dìdi xǐhuan dǎqiú. I like watching TV; my younger brother likes playing ball.
  • 他有一个哥哥，没有姐姐。 Tā yǒu yìge gēge, méiyǒu jiějie. He has an older brother, but no older sister.
  • 我喜欢唱歌，我弟弟也喜欢唱歌。 Wǒ xǐhuan chànggē, wǒ dìdi yě xǐhuan chànggē. I like singing, and my younger brother likes singing too.
  • 这家饭店的饺子很好吃，也很便宜。 Zhè jiā fàndiàn de jiǎozi hěn hǎochī, yě hěn biànyí. This restaurant's dumplings are delicious and cheap too.
HSK 1 Action aspect Lesson

变化态：用动态助词“了”表示

Change aspect · 变化态(用动态助词“了 (le)”表示 (biǎoshì))

变化态：用动态助词“了”表示

  • 她病了。/她没病。 Tā bìng le. / tā méi bìng. She is sick. / She isn't sick.
  • 雨小了。/雨没小。 Yǔ xiǎo le. / yǔ méi xiǎo. The rain has slackened. / The rain hasn't slackened.
  • 八点了，起床吧。 Bā diǎn le, qǐchuáng ba. It's eight o'clock — time to get up.
  • 她病了，在家休息呢。 Tā bìng le, zàijiā xiūxi ne. She is sick and resting at home.
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