Grammar Reference

X什么（啊）

X什么（啊） · X什么 (shénme)（啊 (ā)）

• 玩儿什么，我们赶快工作吧。 Wánr shénme, wǒmen gǎnkuài gōngzuò ba. Forget playing — let's get to work quickly.
• 舒服什么啊，办公室空调坏了。 Shūfu shénme a, bàngōngshì kōngtiáo huàile. Comfortable? The office air conditioner is broken.

能愿动词：得

Modal verb · 能愿动词 (néngyuàndòngcí)(得 (dé))

能愿动词：得

• 今天下课我得早点儿回家。 Jīntiān xiàkè wǒ de zǎodiǎnr huíjiā. I have to get home early after class today.
• 时间不早了，我得回家了。 Shíjiān bù zǎo le, wǒ de huíjiā le. It's getting late — I have to go home.
• 我刚学会开车，不敢开得很快。 Wǒ gāng xuéhuì kāichē, bù gǎn kāi dehěn kuài. I've only just learned to drive and don't dare go very fast.
• 你敢不敢跟我比一比，谁的力气大？ Nǐ gǎnbù gǎn gēn wǒ bǐyibǐ, shuí de lìqi dà? Do you dare compete with me to see who is stronger?

人称代词：人家

Personal pronoun · 人称代词 (rénchēngdàicí)(人家 (rénjiā))

人称代词：人家

• 人家也是为你好啊。 Rénjiā yě shì wèi nǐhǎo a. It's for your own good, you know.
• 人家现在有困难，咱们应该帮他。 Rénjiā xiànzài yǒu kùnnan, zánmen yīnggāi bāng tā. He's in difficulty right now; we ought to help him.

名量词：打、袋、根、卷、棵、批

Noun+classifier · 名量词 (míngliàngcí)(打 (dá)/袋 (dài)/根/卷/棵…)

名量词：打/袋/根/卷/棵…

• 昨晚老张买了一打啤酒。 Zuówǎn lǎo zhāng mǎi le yìdá píjiǔ. Last night Lao Zhang bought a dozen beers.
• 我买了一打鸡蛋，准备做蛋糕。 Wǒ mǎi le yìdá jīdàn, zhǔnbèi zuò dàngāo. I bought a dozen eggs, planning to bake a cake.
• 我这儿有一袋方便面，你要不要吃？ Wǒzher yǒu yí dài fāngbiànmiàn, nǐ yào bùyào chī? I have a bag of instant noodles here — would you like some?
• 妈妈从市场买回来好几袋水果。 Māma cóng shìchǎng mǎi huílai hǎojǐ dài shuǐguǒ. Mom brought back several bags of fruit from the market.

借用量词

Classifier

程度副词：格外、极、极其

Degree adverb · 程度副词(格外 (géwài)/极 (jí)/极其 (jíqí))

程度副词：格外/极/极其

• 老师今天格外开心。 Lǎoshī jīntiān géwài kāixīn. The teacher is especially happy today.
• 这些字极小，我都看不清楚。 Zhèxiē zì jíxiǎo, wǒ dōu kàn bùqīngchu. These characters are so tiny I can hardly make them out.
• 她十分激动地对我们表示感谢。 Tā shífēn jīdòng de duì wǒmen biǎoshì gǎnxiè. She thanked us with great emotion.
• 那位导游对游客十分热情。 Nà wèi dǎoyóu duì yóukè shífēn rèqíng. That guide is very warm toward tourists.

范围、协同副词：共

Scope/collective adverb · 范围 (fànwéi)、协同副词(共 (gòng))

范围、协同副词：共

• 共有三十人出席会议。 Gòngyǒu sānshí rén chūxí huìyì. Thirty people attended the meeting in all.
• 这本书共十五课。 Zhè běn shū gòng shíwǔ kè. This book has fifteen lessons in all.
• 上一年大学，学费和生活费共需多少钱？ Shàng yì nián dàxué, xuéfèi hé shēnghuófèi gòng xū duōshǎo qián? How much does a year of college cost in total — tuition plus living expenses?
• 中国人习惯一家人共吃一桌菜。 Zhōngguó rén xíguàn yìjiārén gòng chī yì zhuō cài. Chinese people are used to the whole family sharing the dishes on one table.

范围副词

时间副词：按时、即将、急忙、渐渐、尽快

Time adverb · 时间副词：按时 (ànshí)、即将 (jíjiāng)、急忙 (jímáng)、渐渐、尽快

时间副词：按时、即将、急忙、渐渐、尽快

• 你要按时吃药。 Nǐ yào ànshí chīyào. You must take your medicine on time.
• 同学们即将毕业。 Tóngxué men jíjiāng bìyè. The students are about to graduate.
• 时间很紧张，但我们必须按时完成任务。 Shíjiān hěn jǐnzhāng, dàn wǒmen bìxū ànshí wánchéng rènwu. Time is very tight, but we must finish the task on schedule.
• 医生让我回家按时吃药，多喝热水。 Yìshēng ràng wǒ huíjiā ànshí chīyào, duō hē rèshuǐ. The doctor told me to go home, take my medicine on time, and drink plenty of hot water.

频率、重复副词：一再、再三

Frequency/repetitive adverb · 频率 (pínlǜ)、重复副词(一再 (yízài)/再三 (zàisān))

频率、重复副词：一再/再三

• 他一再表示自己不会出席这次会议。 Tā yízài biǎoshì zìjǐ bùhuì chūxí zhè cì huìyì. He repeated again and again that he would not attend the meeting.
• 我再三解释，他还是不相信。 Wǒ zàisān jiěshì, tā háishi bù xiāngxìn. I explained again and again, yet he still wouldn't believe me.
• 我们需要重新安排会议时间。 Wǒmen xūyào chóngxīn ānpái huìyì shíjiān. We need to reschedule the meeting.
• 这个问题，您能不能重新考虑一下？ Zhège wèntí, nín néng bùnéng chóngxīn kǎolǜ yíxià? On this question, could you reconsider?

频率副词

关联副词：却

Linking adverb · 关联副词(却 (què))

关联副词：却

• 我来了，他却没来。 Wǒ lái le, tā què méi lái. I came, but he didn't.
• 同学们都出去活动了，他却坐在教室里面不动。 Tóngxué men dōu chūqù huódòng le, tā què zuò zài jiàoshì lǐmiàn bùdòng. All the classmates have gone out for activities, yet he sits unmoving in the classroom.
• 有些打折的商品尽管便宜，质量却不能让人满意。 Yǒuxiē dǎzhé de shāngpǐn jǐnguǎn biànyí, zhìliàng què bùnéng ràng rén mǎnyì. Some discounted goods, cheap as they are, disappoint in quality.
• 她长得很像她的姐姐，但两个人的性格却完全不同。 Tā zhǎng dehěn xiàng tā de jiějie, dàn liǎng gèrén de xìnggé què wánquán bùtóng. She looks very much like her older sister, but the two have entirely different personalities.

否定副词：未必

Negative adverb · 否定副词(未必 (wèibì))

否定副词：未必

• 这个消息未必可靠，咱们再等等吧。 Zhège xiāoxi wèibì kěkào, zánmen zài děngděng ba. This news may not be reliable — let's wait a bit more.
• 别等了，他未必会来。 Bié děng le, tā wèibì huì lái. Stop waiting — he may not come at all.

情态副词：几乎、似乎

Modal adverb · 情态副词(几乎 (jīhū)/似乎 (sìhū))

情态副词：几乎/似乎

• 他的话我几乎都没听懂。 Tā dehuà wǒ jīhū dōu méi tīngdǒng. I could hardly understand anything he said.
• 她似乎对自己的表现很不满意。 Tā sìhū duì zìjǐ de biǎoxiàn hěn bùmǎnyì. She seems quite dissatisfied with her own performance.
• 你可以加一点儿糖，味道也许不错。 Nǐ kěyǐ jiā yìdiǎnr táng, wèidao yěxǔ bùcuò. You can add a little sugar — it might taste quite nice.
• 现在不愿意花时间练习写汉字，你将来也许会后悔的。 Xiànzài bú yuànyì huāshíjiān liànxí xiě hànzì, nǐ jiānglái yěxǔ huì hòuhuǐ de. If you won't spend time practicing writing characters now, you may regret it someday.

语气副词：的确、反而、竟然、究竟

Modal-particle adverb · 语气副词(的确 (díquè)/反而 (fǎnér)/竟然 (jìngrán)/…)

语气副词：的确/反而/竟然/…

• 这的确是我的错。 Zhè díquè shì wǒ de cuò. This is indeed my fault.
• 风不但没停，反而越来越大。 Fēng bùdàn méi tíng, fǎnér yuèláiyuè dà. Far from stopping, the wind grew bigger and bigger.
• 昨天那场比赛才精彩呢！ Zuótiān nà chǎng bǐsài cái jīngcǎi ne! Yesterday's match — now that was exciting!
• 他总是迟到，我才不相信他今天能准时来。 Tā zǒngshì chídào, wǒ cáibù xiāngxìn tā jīntiān néng zhǔnshí lái. He is always late — as if I'd believe he could come on time today.

自

Word class / preposition · 自 (zì)

• 自1978年以来，中国发生了很大的变化。 Zì 1978 nián yǐlái, zhōngguó fāshēng le hěn dà de biànhuà. Since 1978, China has changed a great deal.
• 我们的航班准时自北京出发。 Wǒmen de hángbān zhǔnshí zì běijīng chūfā. Our flight departed Beijing on time.

对于

To / toward · 对于 (duìyú)

• 对于任何一种语言来说，文字的出现都是十分重要的。 Duìyú rènhé yìzhǒng yǔyán lái shuō, wénzì de chūxiàn dōu shì shífēn zhòngyào de. For any language, the emergence of a writing system is of great importance.
• 对于美术和音乐，她很有研究。 Duìyú měishù hé yīnyuè, tā hěn yǒu yánjiū. In art and music, she is deeply versed.
• 对于任何一种语言，文字的出现都是十分重要的。 Duìyú rènhé yìzhǒng yǔyán, wénzì de chūxiàn dōu shì shífēn zhòngyào de. For any language, the appearance of writing is extremely important.
• 对于学习成绩优秀的同学，学校每年都会提供奖学金。 Duìyú xuéxí chéngjì yōuxiù de tóngxué, xuéxiào měinián dūhuì tígōng jiǎngxuéjīn. For students with excellent grades, the school offers scholarships every year.

引出对象

关于

Word class / preposition · 关于 (guānyú)

• 我读了几本关于环境保护的书。 Wǒ dú le jǐ běn guānyú huánjìngbǎohù de shū. I've read several books on environmental protection.
• 关于明天的考试，学校做了具体的规定。 Guānyú míngtiān de kǎoshì, xuéxiào zuò le jùtǐ de guīdìng. Regarding tomorrow's exam, the school has made specific arrangements.

替

Word class / preposition · 替 (tì)

• 你别替我担心了，我自己处理。 Nǐ bié tì wǒ dānxīn le, wǒ zìjǐ chǔlǐ. Stop worrying about me — I'll handle it myself.
• 取得这么好的成绩，大家都替你感到高兴。 Qǔdé zhème hǎo de chéngjì, dàjiā dōu tì nǐ gǎndào gāoxìng. With such fine results, everyone is happy for you.

根据

Word class / preposition · 根据 (gēnjù)

• 学校根据学生的中文水平分班。 Xuéxiào gēnjù xuésheng de zhōngwén shuǐpíng fēnbān. The school places students in classes according to their Chinese level.
• 根据大家的意见，我们修改了计划。 Gēnjù dàjiā de yìjiàn, wǒmen xiūgǎi le jìhuà. According to everyone's opinions, we revised the plan.

作为

Word class / preposition · 作为 (zuòwéi)

• 他作为教师代表参加了这次会议。 Tā zuòwéi jiàoshī dàibiǎo cānjiā le zhè cì huìyì. He attended the meeting as the representative of the teachers.
• 作为学生，你应该按时完成作业。 Zuòwéi xuésheng, nǐ yīnggāi ànshí wánchéng zuòyè. As a student, you should finish your homework on time.
• 作为生活在中国的外国人，我很想了解中国人的生活习惯。 Zuòwéi shēnghuó zài zhōngguó de wàiguórén, wǒ hěn xiǎng liǎojiě zhōngguó rén de shēnghuó xíguàn. As a foreigner living in China, I would very much like to understand the living habits of Chinese people.
• 作为首都，北京的发展比一般的城市更快，工作机会更多。 Zuòwéi shǒudū, běijīng de fāzhǎn bǐ yìbān de chéngshì gèng kuài, gōngzuò jīhuì gèng duō. As the capital, Beijing develops faster than ordinary cities, with more job opportunities.

引出凭借、依据

连接词或词组：并、以及

Word class / conjunction · 连接词或词组(并 (bìng)/以及 (yǐjí))

• 他们同意并支持我们的建议。 Tāmen tóngyì bìng zhīchí wǒmen de jiànyì. They agree with and support our proposal.
• 小王、小李以及另外三名同学都通过了考试。 Xiǎo wáng, xiǎo lǐ yǐjí lìngwài sān míng tóngxué dōu tōngguò le kǎoshì. Xiao Wang, Xiao Li and three other classmates all passed the exam.
• 学校同意并支持学生们的想法。 Xuéxiào tóngyì bìng zhīchí xuésheng men de xiǎngfǎ. The school agrees with and supports the students' idea.
• 公司讨论并通过了这项计划。 Gōngsī tǎolùn bìng tōngguò le zhè xiàng jìhuà. The company discussed and approved this plan.