Grammar Reference

数量重叠：数词+量词+数词+量词

Quantity · 数量重叠(数词 (shùcí)+量词 (liàngcí)+数词 (shùcí)+…)

数量重叠：数词+量词+数词+…

• 图书馆里放着一排一排的书架。 Túshūguǎn lǐ fàng zhe yìpái yìpái de shūjià. Rows upon rows of bookshelves stand in the library.
• 老师让学生两个两个地进教室。 Lǎoshī ràng xuésheng liǎng gè liǎng gè de jìn jiàoshì. The teacher had the students enter the classroom two by two.
• 工作要一步一步地做。 Gōngzuò yào yí bù yí bù de zuò. Work must be done step by step.
• 老师一句一句地教我们读课文。 Lǎoshī yíjù yíjù de jiào wǒmen dú kèwén. The teacher taught us to read the text sentence by sentence.

其他结构类型

不A不B

不A不B · 不 (bù)A不 (bù)B

看上去

Phrase / fixed phrase · 看上去 (kànshangqu)

• 这件衣服看上去很不错。 Zhè jiàn yìfu kànshangqu hěn bùcuò. This piece of clothing looks very nice.
• 那沙发看上去非常结实。 Nà shāfā kànshangqu fēicháng jiēshí. That sofa looks extremely sturdy.
• 这道题看上去很难，其实很简单。 Zhè dào tí kànshangqu hěn nán, qíshí hěn jiǎndān. This problem looks hard; in fact it's simple.
• 她看上去不像五十多岁的人。 Tā kànshangqu bú xiàng wǔshí duō suì de rén. She doesn't look like someone in her fifties.

其他

有的是

Phrase / fixed phrase · 有的是 (yǒudeshì)

• 咱们图书馆有的是书，你可以多看看。 Zánmen túshūguǎn yǒudeshì shū, nǐ kěyǐ duō kànkan. Our library has books in plenty — you may read as much as you like.
• 这儿水果有的是，你多拿一点儿。 Zhèr shuǐguǒ yǒudeshì, nǐ duō ná yìdiǎnr. There's fruit aplenty here — take a little more.

除了⋯⋯（以外），⋯⋯还/也/都⋯⋯

Fixed pattern · 除了 (chúle)⋯⋯（以外 (yǐwài)），⋯⋯还 (hái)/也/都⋯⋯

• 除了上课，我还要参加各种活动。 Chúle shàngkè, wǒ hái yào cānjiā gèzhǒng huódòng. Besides class, I also take part in all kinds of activities.
• 除了我，我姐姐和弟弟也会说中文。 Chúle wǒ, wǒ jiějie hé dìdi yě huì shuō zhōngwén. Besides me, my sister and my brother can speak Chinese too.

从⋯⋯起

Fixed pattern · 从 (cóng)⋯⋯起 (qǐ)

• 从现在起，你要努力学习了。 Cóng xiànzài qǐ, nǐ yào nǔlì xuéxí le. From now on, you must study hard.
• 从今天起，我就用这台新电脑了。 Cóng jīntiān qǐ, wǒ jiù yòng zhè tái xīn diànnǎo le. From today on, I'll be using this new computer.

对⋯⋯来说

Fixed pattern · 对 (duì)⋯⋯来说

• 对日本留学生来说，汉字不太难。 Duì rìběn liúxuéshēng lái shuō, hànzì bú tài nán. For Japanese students abroad, the Chinese characters are not too hard.
• 对专家来说，这个问题很容易解决。 Duì zhuānjiā lái shuō, zhège wèntí hěn róngyì jiějué. For an expert, this problem is easy to solve.

一……也/都+不/没⋯⋯

Fixed pattern · 一 (yī)……也 (yě)/都 (dōu)+不/没⋯⋯

• 他一句中文也不会说。 Tā yíjù zhōngwén yě bùhuì shuō. He cannot speak a single sentence of Chinese.
• 我上午一口水也没喝，现在渴极了。 Wǒ shàngwǔ yì kǒushuǐ yě méi hē, xiànzài kě jíle. I haven't had a drop of water all morning — I'm terribly thirsty now.

动词或动词性短语、形容词或形容词性短语作主语

... as subject

• 哭对身体有好处。 Kū duì shēntǐ yǒu hǎochǔ. Crying is good for the body.
• 早一点儿来比较合适。 Zǎo yìdiǎnr lái bǐjiào héshì. Coming a little earlier would be more suitable.
• 哭没有用。 Kū méiyǒu yòng. Crying is useless.
• 多穿一点儿比较好。 Duō chuān yìdiǎnr bǐjiào hǎo. It's better to wear a little more.

动词或动词性短语、主谓短语作定语

... as attributive

• 你看见那个跳舞的女孩儿了吗？ Nǐ kànjiàn nàge tiàowǔ de nǚháir le ma? Did you see that girl who was dancing?
• 观看演出的观众请从右边的门进去。 Guānkàn yǎnchū de guānzhòng qǐng cóng yòubian de mén jìnqù. Audience members for the performance, please enter by the door on the right.
• 哭没有用。 Kū méiyǒu yòng. Crying is useless.
• 多穿一点儿比较好。 Duō chuān yìdiǎnr bǐjiào hǎo. It's better to wear a little more.

结果补语2：动词+到/住/走

Sentence element / complement · 结果补语2(动词 (dòngcí)+到 (dào)/住 (zhù)/走)

• 他终于买到火车票了。 Tā zhōngyú mǎi dào huǒchēpiào le. He finally managed to buy a train ticket.
• 我把球传给他，可是他没接住。 Wǒ bǎ qiú chuángěi tā, kěshì tā méi jiēzhù. I passed the ball to him, but he didn't catch it.
• 火车票你买到了没有？ Huǒchēpiào nǐ mǎi dàoliǎo méiyǒu? Did you manage to buy the train ticket or not?
• 老师说的话我都记住了。 Lǎoshī shuō dehuà wǒ dōu jìzhu le. I've remembered everything the teacher said.

趋向补语2

Sentence element / complement

• 他从书包里拿了一本书出来。 Tā cóng shūbāo lǐ ná le yì běn shū chūlái. He took a book out of his schoolbag.
• 他从书包里拿出一本书来。 Tā cóng shūbāo lǐ náchū yì běn shū lái. He pulled a book out of his schoolbag.
• 我们终于想出了一个好办法。 Wǒmen zhōngyú xiǎngchū le yìge hǎo bànfǎ. We finally thought of a good solution.
• 你想起她的名字了没有？ Nǐ xiǎngqǐ tā de míngzi le méiyǒu? Have you remembered her name yet?

可能补语1：动词+得/不+动词/形容词；动词+得/不+了

Sentence element / complement · 可能补语1：动词 (dòngcí)+得 (dé)/不 (bù)+动词/形容词；动词+得/不+了

• 老师的话我都听得懂。 Lǎoshī dehuà wǒ dōu tīngdedǒng. I can understand everything the teacher says.
• 这件衣服太脏了，洗不干净了。 Zhè jiàn yìfu tài zàng le, xǐ bù gānjìng le. These clothes are too dirty to wash clean.
• 老师说的话你听得懂吗？ Lǎoshī shuō dehuà nǐ tīngdedǒng ma? Can you understand what the teacher says?
• 黑板上的字太小，我看不清楚。 Hēibǎn shàng de zì tài xiǎo, wǒ kàn bùqīngchu. The writing on the blackboard is too small — I can't see it clearly.

程度补语1：形容词/心理动词+得很/极了/死了

Sentence element / complement · 程度补语1：形容词 (xíngróngcí)/心理动词+得很 (dehěn)/极了 (jíle)/死了

• 我累得很。 Wǒ lèi dehěn. I'm very tired.
• 外面冷极了。 Wàimiàn lěng jíle. It is terribly cold outside.
• 这里的环境好得很。 Zhèlǐ de huánjìng hǎo dehěn. The environment here is splendid.
• 这儿从早到晚都有风，凉快得很。 Zhèr cóngzǎodàowǎn dōu yǒufēng, liángkuai dehěn. There's wind here from morning to night — delightfully cool.

数量补语3（动词+动量补语）：宾语和动量补语共现

Sentence element / complement · 数量补语3（动词 (dòngcí)+动量补语）(宾语和动量补语共现 (xiàn))

• 我找了他两次。 Wǒ zhǎo le tā liǎng cì. I looked for him twice.
• 我来过中国一次。 Wǒ lái guò zhōngguó yícì. I've been to China once.
• 开学已经两个星期了。 Kāixué yǐjīng liǎng gè xīngqī le. School has already been open for two weeks.
• 这件事已经过去五年了。 Zhè jiàn shì yǐjīng guòqù wǔ nián le. It's been five years since this happened.

数量补语4（动词+时量补语）：表示动作持续的时间

Sentence element / complement · 数量补语4（动词 (dòngcí)+时量补语）(表示动作持续的时间 (jiān))

• 我学中文学了两年。 Wǒ xué zhōng wénxué le liǎng nián. I have studied Chinese for two years.
• 我学了两年中文。 Wǒ xué le liǎng nián zhōngwén. I studied Chinese for two years.

主谓句4：主谓谓语句

Subject–predicate sentence · 主谓句 (zhǔwèijù)4(主谓谓语句)

主谓句4：主谓谓语句

• 奶奶身体非常好。 Nǎinai shēntǐ fēicháng hǎo. Grandma is in very good health.
• 这件衣服颜色很好看。 Zhè jiàn yìfu yánsè hěn hǎokàn. The color of this garment is very pretty.

“把”字句1：表处置

Sentence type / special pattern · “把 (bǎ)”字句 (zìjù)1(表处置)

• 老师把书放在桌子上了。 Lǎoshī bǎ shū fàng zài zhuōzi shàng le. The teacher put the book on the table.
• 我把朋友送到车站了。 Wǒ bǎ péngyou sòng dào chēzhàn le. I saw my friend off at the station.
• 你把箱子放在这儿吧。 Nǐ bǎ xiāngzi fàng zài zhèr ba. Just put the box here.
• 我们把桌子搬到教室外边了。 Wǒmen bǎ zhuōzi bān dào jiàoshì wàibian le. We moved the table outside the classroom.

被动句1：主语+被/叫/让+宾语+动词+其他成分

Passive sentence · 被动句1：主语 (zhǔyǔ)+被 (bèi)/叫 (jiào)/让+宾语+动词+其他成分

被动句1：主语+被/叫/让+宾语+动词+其他成分

• 他完全让这位姑娘迷住了。 Tā wánquán ràng zhèwèi gūniang mízhu le. He is completely captivated by this girl.
• 我的词典被朋友借走了。 Wǒ de cídiǎn bèi péngyou jiè zǒu le. My dictionary was borrowed by a friend.
• 冰箱里的水果被谁吃了？ Bīngxiāng lǐ de shuǐguǒ bèi shuí chī le? Who ate the fruit in the fridge?

连动句2

Serial-verb sentence

• 我明天坐飞机去北京。 Wǒ míngtiān zuò fēijī qù běijīng. I'm flying to Beijing tomorrow.
• 他去超市买水果。 Tā qù chāoshì mǎi shuǐguǒ. He goes to the supermarket to buy fruit.
• 老师总是笑着回答大家的问题。 Lǎoshī zǒngshì xiào zhe huídá dàjiā de wèntí. The teacher always answers everyone's questions with a smile.
• 我喜欢听着音乐做运动。 Wǒ xǐhuan tīng zhe yīnyuè zuò yùndòng. I like to exercise while listening to music.