Grammar Reference

凡……（者），均（可）……

凡……（者），均（可）…… · 凡 (fán)……（者 (zhě)），均 (jūn)（可）……

• 此次比赛设有一、二、三等奖及优秀奖。凡获奖者均颁发荣誉证书。 Cǐcì bǐsài shèyǒu yí, èr, sān děng jiǎng jí yōuxiù jiǎng. Fán huòjiǎngzhě jūn bānfā róngyù zhèngshū. This competition offers first, second and third prizes plus excellence awards; all winners receive certificates of honor.
• 凡来我市进行技术合作的单位，均可根据自身的资金、设备、专长等条件，进行多领域、多层次的合作。 Fán lái wǒ shì jìnxíng jìshù hézuò de dānwèi, jūnkě gēnjù zìshēn de zījīn, shèbèi, zhuāncháng děng tiáojiàn, jìnxíng duō lǐngyù, duōcéng cì de hézuò. Any organization coming to our city for technical cooperation may carry out cooperation in many fields and at many levels, according to its own funds, equipment and expertise.

条件复句

假若/假使……，……

假若/假使……，…… · 假若 (jiǎruò)/假使 (jiǎshǐ)……，……

• 假若你不愿待在家里，你可以到湖边散散步，或在公园喝喝茶、下下棋。 Jiǎruò nǐ bùyuàn dài zài jiālǐ, nǐ kěyǐ dào húbiān sàn sànbù, huò zài gōngyuán hē hēchá, xià xiàqí. If you'd rather not stay home, you can take a walk by the lake, or sip tea and play chess in the park.
• 我从来都不会后悔之前的决定，假使一切再从头来，结果也还是一样的。 Wǒ cónglái dōu bùhuì hòuhuǐ zhīqián de juédìng, jiǎshǐ yíqiè zài cóngtóu lái, jiēguǒ yě háishi yíyàng de. I never regret my past decisions; even if everything started over, the outcome would be the same.

假设复句

幸亏/幸好……，不然/否则……

幸亏/幸好……，不然/否则…… · 幸亏 (xìngkuī)/幸好 (xìnghǎo)……，不然 (bùrán)/否则……

• 幸好你今天中午替我打了饭，不然我就只有挨饿的份了。 Xìnghǎo nǐ jīntiān zhōngwǔ tì wǒ dǎ le fàn, bùrán wǒ jiù zhǐyǒu áiè de fèn le. Thank goodness you got my lunch for me today — otherwise I'd simply have gone hungry.
• 幸亏老张告诉了我哥哥的电话号码，否则我就真没法跟哥哥联系了。 Xìngkuī lǎo zhāng gàosù le wǒ gēge de diànhuà hàomǎ, fǒuzé wǒ jiù zhēn méifǎ gēn gēge liánxì le. Luckily Lao Zhang gave me my brother's phone number — otherwise I truly couldn't have reached him.

假设复句

纵然/纵使……，也……

纵然/纵使……，也…… · 纵然 (zòngrán)/纵使 (zòngshǐ)……，也 (yě)……

• 纵然无人为他加油喝彩，他最终也还是夺取了本站比赛的冠军。 Zòngrán wúrén wèi tā jiāyóu hècǎi, tā zuìzhōng yě háishi duóqǔ le běn zhàn bǐsài de guànjūn. Even with no one cheering him on, he ultimately won the championship of this stop.
• 纵使出于好心，你也要注意沟通的方式，说话不要那么直接。 Zòngshǐ chūyú hǎoxīn, nǐ yě yào zhùyì gōutōng de fāngshì, shuōhuà bùyào nàme zhíjiē. Even with the best of intentions, you should mind how you communicate — don't speak so bluntly.

假设复句

（因）……，故……

（因）……，故…… · （因 (yīn)）……，故 (gù)……

• 富有智慧者看得透，故不争；胸襟豁达者想得开，故不斗。 Fùyǒu zhìhuì zhě kàn de tòu, gù bùzhēng; xiōngjīn huòdá zhě xiǎngdekāi, gù bù dòu. The wise see through things, and so do not contend; the broad-minded let things go, and so do not quarrel.
• 肺肉瘤样癌是一种罕见的肺癌，因其症状、体征缺乏特异性，常需术后活检才能确诊，故明确诊断较难。 Fèi ròuliú yàng ái shì yìzhǒng hǎnjiàn de fèiái, yīn qí zhèngzhuàng, tǐzhēng quēfá tèyìxìng, cháng xū shùhòu huójiǎn cáinéng quèzhěn, gù míngquè zhěnduàn jiào nán. Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma is a rare lung cancer; lacking specific symptoms and signs, it usually requires post-operative biopsy for confirmation, making a definite diagnosis difficult.

因果复句

……，以至（于）……

……，以至（于）…… · ……，以至 (yǐzhì)（于 (yú)）……

• 自从这种靶向药物问世之后，它的治疗癌症的功能被推崇到了极点，以至它在黑市上的价格被炒到了百万以上。 Zìcóng zhèzhǒng bǎxiàngyào wù wènshì zhīhòu, tā de zhìliáo áizhèng de gōngnéng bèi tuīchóng dàoliǎo jídiǎn, yǐzhì tā zài hēishì shàng de jiàgé bèi chǎo dàoliǎo bǎiwàn yǐshàng. Since this targeted drug came out, its cancer-treating power has been praised to the skies — so much so that its black-market price has been hyped above a million.
• 当下的素质教育实践呈现出明显的形式化特征，以至于一些学校将活动课的数量作为衡量素质教育实施的指标，反而加重了学生负担。 Dāngxià de sùzhìjiàoyù shíjiàn chéngxiàn chū míngxiǎn de xíngshìhuà tèzhēng, yǐzhìyú yìxiē xuéxiào jiāng huódòng kè de shùliàng zuòwéi héngliáng sùzhìjiàoyù shíshī de zhǐbiāo, fǎnér jiāzhòng le xuésheng fùdān. Current practice of all-round education shows clear formalism — some schools even count the number of activity classes as the measure of implementing it, thereby adding to students' burdens.

因果复句

别说……，都/也……

别说……，都/也…… · 别说 (biéshuō)……，都 (dōu)/也 (yě)……

• 这本书别说本科生了，研究生读起来都费劲。 Zhè běn shū biéshuō běnkēshēng le, yánjiūshēng dú qǐlai dōu fèijìn. Never mind undergraduates — even graduate students find this book a struggle.
• 他现在没有收入来源，别说10万，就是一万块现在也拿不出。 Tā xiànzài méiyǒu shōurù láiyuán, biéshuō 10 wàn, jiùshì yí wàn kuài xiànzài yě ná bù chū. He has no source of income right now — never mind 100,000; he couldn't come up with even ten thousand.

递进复句

……不说，还……

……不说，还…… · ……不说，还 (hái)……

• 你们在我家住着白吃白喝不说，还给我添乱。 Nǐmen zài wǒ jiā zhù zhe báichībáihē bú shuō, huángěi wǒ tiānluàn. Not only do you live in my house eating and drinking for free — you make extra trouble for me too.
• 消费者最怕的就是上当受骗，买到假冒伪劣商品，钱花了不说，还弄了一肚子气。 Xiāofèizhě zuì pà de jiùshì shàngdàngshòupiàn, mǎi dào jiǎmàowěiliè shāngpǐn, qián huā le bú shuō, hái nòng le yídùzi qì. What consumers fear most is being cheated — buying fake or shoddy goods, losing the money and swallowing a bellyful of anger to boot.

递进复句

连……都……，更不用说……了

连……都……，更不用说……了 · 连 (lián)……都 (dōu)……，更不用说……了 (le)

• 这道题的解法连老师都得想半天，更不用说学生了。 Zhè dào tí de jiěfǎ lián lǎoshī dōu de xiǎng bàntiān, gèng bùyòngshuō xuésheng le. The solution to this problem takes even the teacher a long think — never mind the students.
• 他连简单的道歉都不肯，更不用说做出什么补偿了。 Tā lián jiǎndān de dàoqiàn dōu bù kěn, gèng bùyòngshuō zuòchū shénme bǔcháng le. He wouldn't offer even a simple apology, let alone any compensation.

递进复句

……尚且……，（更）何况……

……尚且……，（更）何况…… · ……尚且 (shàngqiě)……，（更 (gēng)）何况 (hékuàng)……

• 这样的影视作品，成人尚且不宜观看，何况是涉世未深的孩子。 Zhèyàng de yǐngshì zuòpǐn, chéngrén shàngqiě bùyí guānkàn, hékuàng shì shèshìwèishēn de háizi. Film works like this aren't fit even for adults, let alone children who have barely seen the world.
• 高海拔地区土壤贫瘠、气候恶劣，野草生长尚且困难，更何况发展大规模农业？ Gāo hǎibá dìqū tǔrǎng pínjí, qìhòu èliè, yěcǎo shēngzhǎng shàngqiě kùnnan, gèng hékuàng fāzhǎn dàguīmó nóngyè? In high-altitude regions the soil is barren and the climate harsh — even wild grass struggles to grow, never mind developing large-scale agriculture.

递进复句

……，更不用说……了

……，更不用说……了 · ……，更不用说……了 (le)

• 听音乐如果音量过大，对成人的听力都会造成损伤，更不用说对婴幼儿了。所以，让婴幼儿听音乐时，音量要控制适当。 Tīng yīnyuè rúguǒ yīnliàng guò dà, duì chéngrén de tīnglì dūhuì zàochéng sǔnshāng, gèng bùyòngshuō duì yīngyòuér le. Suǒyǐ, ràng yīngyòuér tīng yīnyuè shí, yīnliàng yào kòngzhì shìdàng. Music played too loud damages the hearing even of adults, let alone infants and toddlers. So when letting little ones listen to music, the volume must be kept moderate.
• 虽说“豪华型”大客车带有卧铺，但路况不好，一路颠簸。坐在这种车上，想打个盹常常都不容易，更不用说睡个安稳觉了。 Suīshuō háohuáxíng dàkèchē dàiyǒu wòpù, dàn lùkuàng bùhǎo, yílù diānbǒ. Zuò zài zhèzhǒng chē shàng, xiǎng dǎ gè dǔn chángcháng dōu bù róngyì, gèng bùyòngshuō shuì gè ānwěn jué le. Though the "deluxe" coach has berths, the roads are bad and it jolts the whole way. On such a bus, even a brief nap is often hard — never mind a sound sleep.

递进复句

为（了）……起见，……

为（了）……起见，…… · 为 (wéi)（了 (le)）……起见 (qǐjiàn)，……

• 超强台风将在浦东登陆，为安全起见，长三角地区部分列车会临时停运。 Chāo qiáng táifēng jiāng zài pǔdōng dēnglù, wèi ānquán qǐjiàn, chángsānjiǎo dìqū bùfen lièchē huì línshí tíng yùn. A super typhoon will make landfall at Pudong; for safety, some trains in the Yangtze Delta region will be temporarily suspended.
• 医生说他手术恢复得很好，但为了保险起见，还是需要留院观察一段时间。 Yìshēng shuō tā shǒushù huīfù dehěn hǎo, dàn wèile bǎoxiǎn qǐjiàn, háishi xūyào liúyuàn guānchá yí duàn shíjiān. The doctor says he is recovering well from the operation, but to be on the safe side he still needs to stay under observation for a while.

目的复句

……，以……

……，以…… · ……，以 (yǐ)……

• 在广泛听取各方意见之后，工信部决定实施宽带提速计划，以实现上网速度与国际平均水平接轨。 Zài guǎngfàn tīngqǔ gèfāng yìjiàn zhīhòu, gōngxìnbù juédìng shíshī kuāndài tísù jìhuà, yǐ shíxiàn shàngwǎng sùdù yǔ guójì píngjūn shuǐpíng jiēguǐ. After widely hearing views from all sides, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology decided to carry out a broadband speed-up plan, bringing internet speeds in line with the international average.
• 世界卫生组织呼吁成员国加强合作，完善监督机制，保证有充裕的资金，以帮助广大发展中国家。 Shìjiè wèishēng zǔzhī hūyù chéngyuánguó jiāqiáng hézuò, wánshàn jiāndū jīzhì, bǎozhèng yǒu chōngyù de zījīn, yǐ bāngzhù guǎngdà fāzhǎnzhōng guójiā. The WHO calls on member states to strengthen cooperation, improve oversight mechanisms and ensure ample funding to help the many developing countries.

目的复句

非得……才……

非得……才…… · 非得 (fēiděi)……才 (cái)……

• 为什么我事先对你百般劝说都没有用，非得酿成大错你才肯反思？ Wèishénme wǒ shìxiān duì nǐ bǎibān quànshuō dōu méiyǒu yòng, fēiděi niàngchéng dàcuò nǐ cái kěn fǎnsī? Why did all my earnest persuasions beforehand do no good — must you wait until a grave mistake is made before you reflect?
• 若是家长不给买玩具，“小皇帝”便会大哭大闹，非得把玩具弄到手才罢休。 Ruòshì jiāzhǎng bù gěi mǎi wánjù, xiǎohuángdì biàn huì dàkū dànào, fēiděi bǎ wánjù nòngdàoshǒu cái bàxiū. If the parents won't buy the toy, the "little emperor" wails and rages, refusing to stop until the toy is in hand.

紧缩复句

任……也……

任……也…… · 任 (rèn)……也 (yě)……

• 他的小女儿要是哭起来，任谁也哄不好。 Tā de xiǎo nǚér yàoshi kū qǐlai, rèn shuí yě hǒng bùhǎo. Once his little daughter starts crying, nobody can console her.
• 他的心情低落到了极点，似乎任什么事也不能让他开心一点。 Tā de xīnqíng dīluò dàoliǎo jídiǎn, sìhū rèn shénmeshì yě bùnéng ràng tā kāixīn yìdiǎn. His spirits had sunk to rock bottom; it seemed nothing could cheer him up in the slightest.

紧缩复句

多重并列复句

• 我8岁开始学拉二胡，现已达到第七级了；11岁开始学弹钢琴，现已通过第八级的考试。 Wǒ 8 suì kāishǐ xué lā èrhú, xiàn yǐ dádào dì qī jí le; 11 suì kāishǐ xué dàn gāngqín, xiàn yǐ tōngguò dì bā jí de kǎoshì. I began learning the erhu at eight and have now reached level seven; I began piano at eleven and have now passed the level-eight exam.
• 我在孩子的成长过程中，给予他充分的自由。我不逼他学奥数，除非他自己愿意学；不逼他音乐考级，只求培养些许乐感；不逼他学外语，只为他提供开口讲外语的机会。 Wǒ zài háizi de chéngzhǎng guòchéng zhōng, jǐyǔ tā chōngfèn de zìyóu. Wǒ bù bī tā xué àoshù, chúfēi tā zìjǐ yuànyì xué; bù bī tā yīnyuè kǎojí, zhǐ qiú péiyǎng xiēxǔ yuègǎn; bù bī tā xué wàiyǔ, zhǐ wèi tā tígōng kāikǒu jiǎng wàiyǔ de jīhuì. In my child's growth I have given him full freedom. I don't push him into math olympiad unless he's willing; I don't push him through music exams, only hoping to nurture some sense of music; I don't force foreign languages on him, only offer him chances to open his mouth and speak.

多重转折复句

• 今年虽然因为气温低，西瓜上市的时间推迟了，但总产量同比增长了近二成。 Jīnnián suīrán yīnwèi qìwēn dī, xīguā shàngshì de shíjiān tuīchí le, dàn zǒngchǎnliàng tóngbǐ zēngzhǎng le jìn èr chéng. Although the low temperatures pushed back the watermelons' arrival on the market this year, total output grew by nearly twenty percent year on year.
• 我清楚地记得那天她戴的是一枚钻戒，虽然她后来坚决否认，说她戴的只不过是枚普通金戒指，而且她发给我的照片也证实了这一点，可我还是不愿意承认我记错了。 Wǒ qīngchu de jìde nàtiān tā dài de shì yì méi zuànjiè, suīrán tā hòulái jiānjué fǒurèn, shuō tā dài de zhǐbuguò shì méi pǔtōng jīn jièzhi, érqiě tā fāgěi wǒ de zhàopiàn yě zhèngshí le zhè yìdiǎn, kě wǒ háishi bú yuànyì chéngrèn wǒ jìcuò le. I remember clearly that what she wore that day was a diamond ring. Though she later denied it flatly, saying it was merely an ordinary gold ring, and the photo she sent me confirmed this, I still could not bring myself to admit I had misremembered.

多重假设复句

• 如果你足够努力，而且有一定的天赋，再加上一点点好运气，就一定能通过这次考试。 Rúguǒ nǐ zúgòu nǔlì, érqiě yǒu yídìng de tiānfù, zài jiāshàng yìdiǎn diǎn hǎo yùnqi, jiù yídìng néng tōngguò zhè cì kǎoshì. If you work hard enough, have a certain talent, and add a touch of good luck, you are sure to pass this exam.
• 要是房子没有其他问题，只是因为租金高而迟迟租不出去，你就要考虑降一部分租金试试了。 Yàoshi fángzi méiyǒu qítā wèntí, zhǐshì yīnwèi zūjīn gāo ér chíchí zū bù chūqù, nǐ jiùyào kǎolǜ jiàng yíbùfen zūjīn shì shì le. If the flat has no other problems and stays vacant only because the rent is high, you should consider lowering part of the rent to try.

多重因果复句

• 由于奥运会足球比赛一开始只面向准业余选手，所以它的水平不能与世界杯相比。于是在1930年乌拉圭举办第一届世界杯后，奥运会足球比赛就退居到次要位置。 Yóuyú àoyùnhuì zúqiú bǐsài yì kāishǐ zhǐ miànxiàng zhǔn yèyú xuǎnshǒu, suǒyǐ tā de shuǐpíng bùnéng yǔ shìjièbēi xiāngbǐ. Yúshì zài 1930 nián wūlāguī jǔbàn dìyī jiè shìjièbēi hòu, àoyùnhuì zúqiú bǐsài jiù tuì jū dào cìyào wèizhi. Because Olympic football at first was open only to semi-amateur players, its level could not compare with the World Cup. Thus after the first World Cup was held in Uruguay in 1930, Olympic football receded to a secondary position.
• 他非常热衷于人体研究，因为在研究中不但可以获得新知识，而且还能对自己的身体状况有更深入的了解。 Tā fēicháng rèzhōng yú réntǐ yánjiū, yīnwèi zài yánjiū zhōng bùdàn kěyǐ huòdé xīn zhīshi, érqiě hái néng duì zìjǐ de shēntǐ zhuàngkuàng yǒu gèng shēnrù de liǎojiě. He is passionately devoted to research on the human body, because in that research he can not only gain new knowledge but also come to understand his own physical condition more deeply.

多重递进复句

• 他不但会吹笛子，而且吹得还挺好，甚至还会做笛子呢！ Tā bùdàn huì chuī dízi, érqiě chuī de hái tǐnghǎo, shènzhì hái huì zuò dízi ne! Not only can he play the flute — he plays it quite well, and he can even make flutes!
• 这个项目不如交给小张负责，这样既能考验小张的能力，又能满足董事长的要求，而且还可以不得罪总经理。 Zhège xiàngmù bùrú jiāogěi xiǎo zhāng fùzé, zhèyàng jì néng kǎoyàn xiǎo zhāng de nénglì, yòu néng mǎnzú dǒngshìzhǎng de yāoqiú, érqiě hái kěyǐ bù dézuì zǒngjīnglǐ. Better to hand this project to Xiao Zhang: it both tests his ability and satisfies the chairman — and offends the general manager not at all.